Pamene chitukuko chikukula, mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira kuti tithandizire moyo wathu zimawonjezeka tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zimafuna kuti tipeze njira zatsopano komanso zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zathu zongowonjezwdwa, monga kuwala kwa dzuwa, kupanga mphamvu zambiri kuti anthu apitirize Kupititsa patsogolo.
Kuwala kwadzuwa kwapereka ndi kupangitsa moyo padziko lapansi kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kaya mwachindunji kapena mosalunjika, dzuŵa limalola kubadwa kwa pafupifupi magwero onse amphamvu odziwika monga mafuta, hydro, mphepo, biomass, etc.Pamene chitukuko chikukula, mphamvu zofunikira zothandizira njira yathu ya moyo imakula tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zimafuna kuti tipeze njira zatsopano komanso zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zathu zongowonjezwdwa, monga kuwala kwa dzuwa, kupanga mphamvu zambiri kuti anthu apitirize Kupititsa patsogolo.
Kalelo takhala tikukhala ndi moyo pa mphamvu ya dzuwa, pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa dzuwa monga mphamvu yochokera ku nyumba zomangidwa zaka zoposa 6,000 zapitazo, poyang'ana nyumbayo kuti kuwala kwa dzuwa kumadutsa m'mipata yomwe imakhala ngati mawonekedwe a kutentha. .Zaka masauzande ambiri pambuyo pake, Aigupto ndi Agiriki anagwiritsira ntchito njira imodzimodziyo kuti nyumba zawo ziziziziritsa m’nyengo yachilimwe mwa kuzitetezera kudzuŵa [1].Mawindo aakulu a chipinda chimodzi amagwiritsiridwa ntchito monga mazenera otentha a dzuŵa, kulola kutentha kochokera kudzuŵa kulowa koma kutsekereza misampha. kutentha mkati.Kuwala kwadzuwa sikunali kofunikira kokha chifukwa cha kutentha kumene kunkatulutsa m’nthaŵi zakale, komanso kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga ndi kusunga chakudya kupyolera mumchere.Pothira mchere, dzuŵa limagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutulutsa madzi a m’nyanja apoizoni ndi kupeza mchere, umene umasonkhanitsidwa. m'madziwe a dzuwa [1]. Chakumapeto kwa Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci adapereka lingaliro loyamba la mafakitale la concave mirror solar concentrators ngati zotenthetsera madzi, ndipo pambuyo pake Leonardo adaperekanso ukadaulo wowotcherera wapolisi.er kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa dzuwa ndikulola njira zaukadaulo zoyendetsera makina opanga nsalu [1]. Posakhalitsa nthawi ya Industrial Revolution, W. Adams adapanga chomwe chimatchedwa uvuni wa solar. Ovuniyi ili ndi magalasi asanu ndi atatu ofananirako a siliva omwe amapanga chowunikira cha octagonal. zokongoletsedwa ndi magalasi m'bokosi lamatabwa lokutidwa ndi galasi momwe mphika udzayikidwa ndikuwusiya kuti uwirike[1] .Mofulumira zaka mazana angapo ndipo injini ya nthunzi ya dzuwa inamangidwa cha m'ma 1882 [1].Abel Pifre anagwiritsa ntchito galasi lopindika 3.5 m m'mimba mwake ndikuchiyika pa chowotcha cha nthunzi cha cylindrical chomwe chinapanga mphamvu zokwanira kuyendetsa makina osindikizira.
Mu 2004, malo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi opangira magetsi oyendera dzuwa otchedwa Planta Solar 10 adakhazikitsidwa ku Seville, Spain. Kuwala kwa Dzuwa kumawonekera pansanja ya pafupifupi 624 metres, pomwe zolandirira dzuwa zimayikidwa ndi ma turbines ndi ma jenereta. Izi zimatha kutulutsa mphamvu. kuti azipatsa mphamvu nyumba zoposa 5,500. Patadutsa zaka pafupifupi 10, mu 2014, nyumba yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse yopangira magetsi oyendera magetsi oyendera dzuwa inatsegulidwa ku California, m’dziko la United States. Malowa anagwiritsa ntchito magalasi oyendera magetsi opitirira 300,000 ndipo analola kupanga magetsi okwana ma megawati 377 kuti aziyendera nyumba pafupifupi 140,000 [ 1].
Sikuti mafakitale akumangidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokha, koma ogula m'masitolo ogulitsa akupanganso umisiri watsopano.Mapulaneti adzuwa adayamba, ndipo ngakhale magalimoto oyendera mphamvu yadzuwa adayamba, koma chimodzi mwazinthu zaposachedwa zomwe zikuyenera kulengezedwa ndi zatsopano za solar- Mwa kuphatikiza kugwirizana kwa USB kapena zipangizo zina, zimathandiza kugwirizana kuchokera ku zovala kupita ku zipangizo monga magwero, mafoni ndi makutu, omwe amatha kulipiritsa popita.Zaka zingapo zapitazo, gulu la ofufuza a ku Japan ku Riken. Institute ndi Torah Industries idafotokoza zakukula kwa cell yopyapyala ya solar yomwe imatha kutenthetsa zovala pazovala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cell itenge mphamvu ya dzuwa ndikuigwiritsa ntchito ngati gwero lamphamvu [2]]. kukhazikika ndi kusinthasintha mpaka 120 ° C [2] .Mamembala a gulu lofufuzira pogwiritsa ntchito maselo a photovoltaic organic pa zinthu zotchedwa PNTz4T [3] .PNTz4T ndi semiconducting polima yomwe idapangidwa kale ndi Riken kuti ikhale yabwino kwambiri.kukhazikika kwa vironmental ndi mphamvu yapamwamba yotembenuza mphamvu, ndiye kuti mbali zonse ziwiri za selo zimakutidwa ndi elastomer, zinthu ngati mphira [3]. cell koma amalepheretsa madzi ndi mpweya kulowa mu selo.Kugwiritsa ntchito elastomer iyi kumathandiza kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa batri palokha ndikutalikitsa moyo wake [3].
Chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri zamakampani ndi madzi.Kuwonongeka kwa maselowa kungayambitsidwe ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, koma chachikulu ndi madzi, mdani wamba wa tekinoloje iliyonse.Chinyezi chilichonse chowonjezera komanso kutulutsa mpweya kwanthawi yayitali kumatha kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito. za organic photovoltaic cell [4].Ngakhale mungathe kupewa madzi pa kompyuta kapena foni nthawi zambiri, simungathe kuzipewa ndi zovala zanu.Kaya mvula kapena makina ochapira, madzi sangalephereke.Pambuyo pa mayesero osiyanasiyana pa free-kuyima organic photovoltaic selo ndi iwiri mbali TACHIMATA organic photovoltaic selo, onse organic photovoltaic maselo anamizidwa m'madzi kwa mphindi 120, izo anatsimikiza kuti mphamvu ya ufulu-kuyima organic photovoltaic selo anali The kutembenuka dzuwa limangochepetsedwa ndi 5.4%.Maselo achepa ndi 20.8% [5].
Chithunzi 1. Mwachizolowezi kutembenuza mphamvu mphamvu monga ntchito ya kumiza nthawi.Mipiringidzo zolakwa pa graph amaimira muyezo kupatuka normalized ndi tanthauzo la chiyambi cha mphamvu kutembenuka efficiencies mu dongosolo lililonse [5].
Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa chitukuko china pa yunivesite ya Nottingham Trent, selo laling'ono la dzuwa lomwe lingathe kuikidwa mu ulusi, lomwe kenako limakulungidwa mu nsalu [2]. Utali wa 3mm ndi 1.5mm m’lifupi[2].Chigawo chilichonse chimakutidwa ndi utomoni wosalowa madzi kuti chochapira chichapidwe m’chipinda chochapiramo kapena chifukwa cha nyengo [2].Mabatirewa amapangidwanso kuti atonthozedwe, ndipo iliyonse imayikidwa m’chipinda chochapira. Kufufuza kwina kunapezeka kuti mu kachidutswa kakang'ono ka nsalu yofanana ndi 5cm^2 gawo la nsalu likhoza kukhala ndi maselo opitirira 200, kupanga 2.5 - 10 volts ya mphamvu, ndipo adatsimikiza kuti pali ma cell 2000 okha omwe amafunikira kuti azitchaja mafoni a m'manja [2].
Chithunzi 2. Maselo ang'onoang'ono a dzuwa 3 mm kutalika ndi 1.5 mm m'lifupi (chithunzi mwachilolezo cha Nottingham Trent University) [2].
Nsalu za Photovoltaic zimaphatikiza ma polima awiri opepuka komanso otsika mtengo kuti apange nsalu zopangira mphamvu.Choyamba mwa zigawo ziwirizi ndi cell solar yaying'ono, yomwe imatulutsa mphamvu kuchokera ku kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndipo yachiwiri imakhala ndi nanogenerator, yomwe imasintha mphamvu zamakina kukhala magetsi [ 6]. Mbali ya photovoltaic ya nsaluyo imakhala ndi ulusi wa polima, womwe umakutidwa ndi zigawo za manganese, zinc oxide (chinthu cha photovoltaic), ndi iodide yamkuwa (yotengera ndalama) [6] . waya waung'ono wamkuwa ndikuphatikizidwa mu chovalacho.
Chinsinsi cha zatsopanozi chagona mu electrode yowonekera ya zipangizo zosinthika za photovoltaic.Ma electrode oyendetsa magetsi owonetseratu ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo za photovoltaic cell zomwe zimalola kuwala kulowa mu selo, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kusonkhanitsa kuwala.Indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) imagwiritsidwa ntchito. kupanga maelekitirodi owonekera awa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito powonekera bwino (> 80%) ndi kukana bwino kwa mapepala komanso kukhazikika kwabwino kwa chilengedwe [7].ITO ndiyofunikira chifukwa zigawo zake zonse zili pafupi kwambiri. makulidwe ophatikizidwa ndi kuwonekera ndi kukana kumakulitsa zotsatira za ma electrode [7] .Kusinthasintha kulikonse kwa chiŵerengero kudzakhudza molakwika ma electrode ndipo motero ntchito.Mwachitsanzo, kuonjezera makulidwe a electrode kumachepetsa kuwonekera ndi kukana, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa ntchito. Komabe, ITO ndi chida chomaliza chomwe chimadyedwa mwachangu.Research yakhala ikupitilira kuti mupeze njira ina yomwe simangokwaniritsa.ITO, koma ikuyembekezeka kupitilira machitidwe a ITO [7].
Zida monga zigawo za polima zomwe zasinthidwa ndi transparent conductive oxides zakula kwambiri mpaka pano.Mwamwayi, magawowa awonetsedwa kuti ndi ovuta, olimba komanso olemetsa, omwe amachepetsa kwambiri kusinthasintha ndi ntchito [7] .Ofufuza amapereka njira yothetsera vutoli. kugwiritsa ntchito ma cell a solar osinthika ngati ma electrode replacements.Battery ya fibrous imakhala ndi electrode ndi mawaya awiri achitsulo osiyana omwe amapindika ndikuphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zogwira ntchito kuti alowe m'malo mwa electrode [7] .Maselo a dzuwa asonyeza lonjezo chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo. , koma vuto ndi kusowa kwa malo olumikizana pakati pa mawaya achitsulo, omwe amachepetsa malo okhudzana ndi malo okhudzana nawo motero amachititsa kuti photovoltaic iwonongeke [7].
Zinthu zachilengedwe ndizomwe zimakulimbikitsani kuti mupitirize kufufuza.Pakali pano, dziko lapansi limadalira kwambiri mphamvu zosasinthika monga mafuta oyaka, malasha ndi mafuta. ndi ndalama zofunika mtsogolo.Tsiku lililonse anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amalipira mafoni awo, makompyuta, ma laputopu, mawotchi anzeru ndi zida zonse zamagetsi, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito nsalu zathu kulipiritsa zidazi pongoyenda kungachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito kwathu mafuta.Ngakhale izi zingawonekere. zazing'ono pamlingo wochepa wa anthu 1 kapena 500, zikakwera mpaka mamiliyoni makumi ambiri zitha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwathu mafuta oyaka.
Zipangizo zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimayikidwa pamwamba pa nyumba, zimadziwika kuti zimathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezereka komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta oyaka, omwe akugwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri.America.Limodzi mwa mavuto akuluakulu a makampani ndi kupeza malo kumanga minda imeneyi.Nyumba wamba akhoza kuthandizira chiwerengero china cha mapanelo a dzuwa, ndipo chiwerengero cha minda ya dzuwa ndi yochepa.M'madera omwe ali ndi malo okwanira, anthu ambiri amazengereza nthawi zonse kumanga makina atsopano opangira magetsi chifukwa amatseka zotheka. ndi kuthekera kwa mwayi wina pa dziko, monga malonda atsopano.Pali chiwerengero chachikulu cha zoyandama zoyandama photovoltaic makhazikitsidwe kuti akhoza kupanga kuchuluka kwa magetsi posachedwapa, ndipo phindu lalikulu la zoyandama minda dzuwa ndi kuchepetsa mtengo [8]. malo sagwiritsidwa ntchito, palibe chifukwa chodera nkhawa za mtengo woyika pamwamba pa nyumba ndi nyumba.Mafamu onse oyandama omwe amadziwika pano akuyandama ali pamadzi ochita kupanga, ndipo m'tsogolomu i.s zotheka kuyika minda iyi pamadzi achilengedwe.Malo osungiramo madzi opangira zinthu ali ndi ubwino wambiri umene suli wofala m’nyanja [9] . minda ya dzuwa yochokera kumtunda chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kutentha pakati pa madzi ndi nthaka [9] Chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu kwa madzi, kutentha kwa pamwamba pa nthaka kumakhala kokwera kwambiri kuposa kwa madzi, ndipo kutentha kwakukulu kwasonyezedwa kuti kumakhudza kwambiri Ngakhale kuti kutentha sikungathe kulamulira kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa dzuŵa, kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe mumalandira kuchokera ku kuwala kwa dzuwa. dziko lopuma, ndiyeno pamene kuwala kwa dzuwa kugunda, iwo afika ku dziko losangalala [10] .Kusiyana pakati pa dziko lopuma ndi dziko losangalala ndilo kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwira mumagetsi.ht amasangalatsa ma elekitironi awa, koma nawonso amatha kutentha.Ngati kutentha kozungulira solar panel kumapatsa mphamvu ma elekitironi ndikuwaika pamalo okondwa otsika, mphamvuyi sikhala yaikulu pamene kuwala kwadzuwa kugunda gululo [10] .Popeza nthaka imatenga ndi kutulutsa kutentha mosavuta kuposa madzi, ma elekitironi mu solar panel pamtunda akhoza kukhala apamwamba kwambiri osangalala, ndiyeno solar panel ili pafupi kapena pafupi ndi madzi ozizira. Kafukufuku wowonjezera anatsimikizira kuti kuzizira kwa madzi ozungulira mapanelo oyandama amathandizira kupanga mphamvu zochulukirapo 12.5% kuposa pamtunda [9].
Pakalipano, mapanelo a dzuwa amakwaniritsa 1% yokha ya zosowa za mphamvu za ku America, koma ngati mafamu a dzuwawa atabzalidwa mpaka kotala la malo osungira madzi opangidwa ndi anthu, magetsi a dzuwa angakwaniritse pafupifupi 10% ya zosowa za mphamvu za ku America. Ku Colorado, komwe kumayandama. mapanelo anayambitsidwa mwamsanga monga momwe kungathekere, nkhokwe ziwiri zazikulu zamadzi ku Colorado zinataya madzi ambiri chifukwa cha nthunzi, koma mwa kuika mapanelo oyandamawa, nkhokwezo zinalepheretsedwa kuti ziume ndipo magetsi anapangidwa [11]. -malo osungira omwe ali ndi minda ya dzuwa angakhale okwanira kupanga magigawati 400 a magetsi, okwanira 44 biliyoni mababu a LED kwa chaka chimodzi.
Chithunzi 4a chikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu komwe kumaperekedwa ndi selo loyandama la dzuwa molingana ndi Chithunzi 4b. Ngakhale kuti pakhala pali minda yochepa yoyandama ya dzuwa m'zaka khumi zapitazi, imapangabe kusiyana kwakukulu mu kupanga magetsi. kuchulukirachulukira, mphamvu zonse zomwe zimapangidwa zimachulukitsidwa katatu kuchokera ku 0.5TW mu 2018 mpaka 1.1TW pofika kumapeto kwa 2022.[12].
Kunena za chilengedwe, minda yoyandama ya dzuwa imeneyi ndi yopindulitsa kwambiri m’njira zambiri.Kuphatikiza pa kuchepetsa kudalira mafuta oyaka, minda yoyendera dzuwa imachepetsanso kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kofika pamwamba pa madzi, zomwe zingathandize kusintha kusintha kwa nyengo [9].A yoyandama famu yomwe imachepetsa liwiro la mphepo ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kugunda pamadzi ndi osachepera 10% ikhoza kuthetsa kutentha kwa dziko kwa zaka khumi [9]. Pankhani ya zamoyo zosiyanasiyana ndi zachilengedwe, palibe zowononga zazikulu zomwe zikuwonekera. ntchito pamadzi, motero kuchepetsa kukokoloka kwa mtsinje, kuteteza ndi kulimbikitsa zomera. [13].Palibe zotsatira zotsimikizika ngati zamoyo za m'madzi zimakhudzidwa, koma njira monga zodzaza zipolopolo za bio-hut zopangidwa ndi Ecocean adamizidwa pansi pa mapanelo a photovoltaic kuti athe kuthandiza zamoyo za m'madzi.[13] .Chodetsa nkhawa chachikulu cha kafukufuku wopitilira ndi momwe angakhudzire njira yazakudya chifukwa choyika zida mongamapanelo a photovoltaic pamadzi otseguka m'malo mosungira madzi opangidwa ndi anthu.Kuchepa kwa dzuwa kumalowa m'madzi, kumapangitsa kuchepa kwa photosynthesis, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa phytoplankton ndi macrophytes. kutsika kwa chakudya, ndi zina zotero, kumabweretsa ndalama zothandizira zamoyo zam'madzi [14] .
Popeza dzuŵa ndilo gwero lathu lalikulu la mphamvu, zingakhale zovuta kupeza njira zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvuzi ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito m'madera athu.Njira zatsopano zamakono ndi zatsopano zomwe zimapezeka tsiku ndi tsiku zimapangitsa kuti izi zitheke.Ngakhale kulibe zovala zambiri zovala zoyendera dzuwa. kugula kapena kuyandama minda ya dzuwa kuti mukacheze pakali pano, izo sizisintha mfundo yakuti teknoloji ilibe kuthekera kwakukulu kapena tsogolo lowala. ma solar panels pamwamba pa nyumba.Maselo a dzuwa omwe amavala amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kuti ayambe kukhala ofala ngati zovala zomwe timavala tsiku ndi tsiku.M'tsogolomu, ma cell a dzuwa amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku popanda kubisika pakati pathu. zovala.Pamene teknoloji ikupita patsogolo m'zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi, kuthekera kwa mafakitale a dzuwa ndi kosatha.
Za Raj Shah Dr. Raj Shah ndi mtsogoleri wa Koehler Instrument Company ku New York, komwe wakhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka 27. Iye ndi mnzake wosankhidwa ndi anzake ku IChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSMTC, Institute of Physics, Institute of Energy Research ndi Royal Society of Chemistry.ASTM Eagle wolandira Mphotho Dr. Shah posachedwapa anakonza "Fuels and Lubricants Handbook" yogulitsidwa kwambiri, zomwe zikupezeka mu ASTM's Long Awaited Fuels and Lubricants Handbook, 2nd Edition - July 15, 2020 - David Phillips - Nkhani Yamakampani a Petro - Petro Online (petro-online.com)
Dr. Shah ali ndi PhD mu Chemical Engineering kuchokera ku Penn State University ndi Fellow of Chartered School of Management, London.Iyenso ndi Chartered Scientist wa Scientific Council, Chartered Petroleum Engineer wa Energy Institute ndi UK Engineering Council.Dr.Shah posachedwapa analemekezedwa monga Engineer Wolemekezeka ndi Tau beta Pi, bungwe lalikulu kwambiri la engineering ku United States.Ali pa advisory boards a Farmingdale University (Mechanical Technology), Auburn University (Tribology), ndi Stony Brook University (Chemical Engineering/ Materials Science ndi Engineering).
Raj ndi pulofesa wothandizira mu dipatimenti ya Materials Science ndi Chemical Engineering ku SUNY Stony Brook, wasindikiza zolemba zoposa 475 ndipo wakhala akugwira ntchito yokhudzana ndi mphamvu kwa zaka zoposa 3. Zambiri zokhudza Raj zingapezeke kwa Director wa Koehler Instrument Company. adasankhidwa kukhala Munthu ku International Institute of Physics Petro Online (petro-online.com)
Mayi Mariz Baslious ndi Bambo Blerim Gashi ndi ophunzira a uinjiniya wa mankhwala ku SUNY, ndipo Dr. Raj Shah ndi wapampando wa advisory board akunja a yunivesite. Mariz ndi Blerim ndi gawo la pulogalamu yophunzirira yomwe ikukula ku Koehler Instrument, Inc. ku Holtzville, NY, amalimbikitsa ophunzira kuti aphunzire zambiri za dziko la njira zamakono zamagetsi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-12-2022
