M'zaka zaposachedwa, kusintha kwa mphamvu ya makina opopa madzi a photovoltaic (PVWPS) kwachititsa chidwi kwambiri pakati pa ochita kafukufuku, chifukwa ntchito yawo imachokera pakupanga mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi. mapulogalamu omwe amaphatikiza njira zochepetsera zotayika zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku induction motors (IM) .Ulamuliro womwe ukuperekedwa umasankha kukula kwabwino kwa flux mwa kuchepetsa kutayika kwa IM.Kuonjezera apo, njira yowonetsera kusokoneza zowonongeka imayambitsidwanso.Kuyenerera kwa kayendetsedwe kameneka kumazindikiridwa ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya sink;Chifukwa chake, kuwonongeka kwa magalimoto kumachepetsedwa ndipo mphamvu zimatheka.Njira yowongolera yomwe ikuyembekezeredwa ikuyerekezedwa ndi njira zopanda kutayika.Zotsatira zofananirazi zikuwonetsa mphamvu ya njira yomwe yaperekedwa, yomwe imachokera pakuchepetsa kutayika kwa liwiro lamagetsi, kuthamanga kwamphamvu, kuthamanga. madzi, ndi kupanga flux.Kuyesa kwa processor-in-the-loop (PIL) kumachitidwa ngati kuyesa kwa njira yomwe ikufunsidwa.Kumaphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa kachidindo ka C kopangidwa pa bolodi lotulukira STM32F4.Zotsatira zomwe zinapezedwa kuchokera ku ophatikizidwa bolodi ndi ofanana ndi manambala kayeseleledwe zotsatira.
Mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, makamakadzuwateknoloji ya photovoltaic, ikhoza kukhala njira yoyeretsera mafuta opangira mafuta mu makina opopera madzi1,2.Makina opopera a Photovoltaic alandira chidwi chachikulu kumadera akutali opanda magetsi3,4.
Ma injini osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito popopera PV. Gawo loyambirira la PVWPS limachokera ku ma motors a DC. Ma motorswa ndi osavuta kuwongolera ndikugwiritsa ntchito, koma amafunika kukonzedwa nthawi zonse chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa annotators ndi maburashi5.Kugonjetsa kuperewera kumeneku, brushless maginito okhazikika a maginito adayambitsidwa, omwe amadziwika ndi brushless, high performance and reliability6.Poyerekeza ndi ma motors ena, PVWPS yochokera ku IM ili ndi ntchito yabwino chifukwa galimotoyi ndi yodalirika, yotsika mtengo, yosamalidwa bwino, ndipo imapereka mwayi wambiri wowongolera njira7 .Njira za Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) ndi njira za Direct Torque Control (DTC) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri8.
IFOC inapangidwa ndi Blaschke ndi Hasse ndipo imalola kusintha liwiro la IM pamtunda wambiri9,10.Stator panopa imagawidwa m'magawo awiri, imodzi imapanga maginito a maginito ndipo ina imapanga torque mwa kutembenukira ku dq coordinate system. Kuwongolera kodziyimira pawokha kusinthasintha komanso torque pansi pazikhalidwe zokhazikika komanso zosunthika.Axis (d) imagwirizana ndi rotor flux space vector, yomwe imaphatikizapo gawo la q-axis la rotor flux space vector kukhala nthawi zonse zero.FOC imapereka yankho labwino komanso lachangu11 ,12, komabe, njirayi ndi yovuta komanso imadalira kusiyana kwa parameter13.Kuti athetse zofookazi, Takashi ndi Noguchi14 adayambitsa DTC, yomwe imakhala ndi machitidwe apamwamba kwambiri komanso imakhala yolimba komanso yosakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa parameter.Mu DTC, torque yamagetsi ndi stator Zimayendetsedwa ndikuchotsa stator flux ndi torque kuchokera ku zoyezera zofananira.onse stator flux ndi torque.
Kusokoneza kwakukulu kwa njira yoyendetsera ntchitoyi ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu ndi kusinthasintha kwamagetsi chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito hysteresis regulators kwa stator flux ndi electromagnetic torque regulation15,42.Multilevel converters amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti achepetse ripple, koma mphamvu imachepetsedwa ndi chiwerengero cha magetsi16. Olemba angapo agwiritsa ntchito space vector modulation (SWM)17, sliding mode control (SMC) 18, zomwe ndi njira zamphamvu koma zimavutitsidwa ndi zovuta zosokoneza. ma network, njira yowongolera yomwe imafuna mapurosesa othamanga kwambiri kuti agwiritse ntchito20, ndi (2) ma genetic algorithms21.
Ulamuliro wosasunthika ndiwolimba, woyenera kuwongolera njira zopanda mzere, ndipo safuna kudziwa za mtundu weniweniwo. Zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito midadada yosokonekera m'malo mwa olamulira amatsenga ndikusintha matebulo osankha kuti muchepetse kuthamanga ndi torque ripple.Ndiyenera kunena kuti Ma DTC opangidwa ndi FLC amapereka magwiridwe antchito22 abwinoko, koma osakwanira kukulitsa mphamvu ya injini, chifukwa chake njira zowongolera zowongolera zimafunikira.
M'mafukufuku ambiri am'mbuyomu, olembawo adasankha kusinthasintha kosalekeza ngati kusinthasintha, koma kusankhidwa uku sikuyimira machitidwe abwino.
Magalimoto oyendetsa bwino kwambiri, oyendetsa bwino kwambiri amafunikira kuyankha mwachangu komanso kolondola.Kumbali ina, pazantchito zina, kuwongolera sikungakhale koyenera, kotero kuti kuyendetsa bwino kwadongosolo sikungakwaniritsidwe.Kuchita bwino kungapezeke pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kosinthika kosinthika panthawi yogwira ntchito.
Olemba ambiri apereka chowongolera chofufuzira (SC) chomwe chimachepetsa kutayika pansi pamikhalidwe yosiyana yolemetsa (monga in27) kuti ipititse patsogolo mphamvu ya injini. Komabe, njira imeneyi imayambitsa ma torque ripple chifukwa cha oscillation yomwe imapezeka mu mpweya-gap flux, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa njirayi ndi nthawi yambiri komanso yochuluka kwambiri. kukakamira mu minima yakomweko, zomwe zimabweretsa kusasankhidwa bwino kwa magawo owongolera29.
Papepalali, njira yokhudzana ndi FDTC ikufunsidwa kuti isankhe njira yabwino kwambiri ya maginito mwa kuchepetsa kutaya kwa galimoto.Kuphatikizikaku kumatsimikizira kuti kutha kugwiritsa ntchito mlingo wokwanira wothamanga pa malo aliwonse opangira opaleshoni, potero kuonjezera mphamvu ya makina opopera madzi a photovoltaic. Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka kuti ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kupopera madzi kwa photovoltaic.
Komanso, kuyesa kwa purosesa-mu-loop kwa njira yomwe ikugwiritsidwira ntchito ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito bolodi la STM32F4 monga chitsimikizo choyesera.Ubwino waukulu wa pachimake ichi ndi kuphweka kwa kukhazikitsa, mtengo wotsika komanso palibe chifukwa chopanga mapulogalamu ovuta 30. , bolodi la FT232RL USB-UART lotembenuzidwa limagwirizanitsidwa ndi STM32F4, yomwe imatsimikizira mawonekedwe akunja oyankhulana kuti akhazikitse doko lachinsinsi (COM port) pa kompyuta.Njirayi imalola kuti deta iperekedwe pamtengo wapamwamba wa baud.
Kuchita kwa PVWPS pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe ikuyembekezeredwa ikuyerekezedwa ndi machitidwe a PV popanda kutayika kuchepetsedwa pansi pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito.Zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa zikuwonetsa kuti pulogalamu yapampopi yamadzi ya photovoltaic ndi yabwino kuchepetsa kutayika kwa stator panopa ndi mkuwa, kukhathamiritsa kutuluka kwa madzi ndi kupopera madzi.
Mapepala ena onse amapangidwa motere: Chitsanzo cha dongosolo lokonzekera chikuperekedwa mu gawo la "Modeling of Photovoltaic Systems". kufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane.Zofukufukuzo zikukambidwa mu gawo la "Simulation Results".Mugawo la "PIL kuyesa ndi STM32F4 discovery board", kuyesa kwa processor-in-the-loop kumafotokozedwa.Zotsatira za pepalali zikufotokozedwa mu " Mapeto” gawo.
Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa dongosolo lokonzekera makina opangira madzi a PV oima okha. Dongosololi lili ndi pampu ya IM-based centrifugal pump, photovoltaic array, awiri osinthira mphamvu [boost converter ndi voltage source inverter (VSI)]. , chitsanzo cha makina opopa madzi a photovoltaic omwe amaphunzira amaperekedwa.
Pepala ili litengera mtundu wa single-diode wadzuwaMa cell a photovoltaic. Makhalidwe a PV cell akuwonetsedwa ndi 31, 32, ndi 33.
Kuti musinthe, chosinthira chowonjezera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ubale pakati pa ma voliti olowera ndi otulutsa a DC-DC converter waperekedwa ndi Equation 34 pansipa:
Mtundu wamasamu wa IM utha kufotokozedwa muzofotokozera (α,β) ndi ma equation awa 5,40:
Kumene \(l_{s }\),\(l_{r}\): stator ndi rotor inductance, M: mutual inductance, \(R_{s}\), \(I_{s}\): stator resistance ndi stator Current, \(R_{r}\), \(I_{r }\): rotor resistance ndi rotor current, \(\phi_{s}\), \(V_{s}\): stator flux ndi stator voteji , \(\phi_{r}\), \(V_{r}\): rotor flux ndi rotor voltage.
The centrifugal pump load torque molingana ndi sikwele ya liwiro la IM imatha kutsimikiziridwa ndi:
Ulamuliro wa dongosolo la mpope wamadzi woperekedwa umagawidwa m'zigawo zitatu zosiyana.Gawo loyamba likugwira ntchito ndi luso la MPPT.Gawo lachiwiri likuchita ndi kuyendetsa IM pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya torque ya wolamulira. FLC yochokera ku DTC yomwe imalola kutsimikizika kwazomwe zimayendera.
Pantchitoyi, njira yosinthira P & O imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira malo okwera kwambiri amphamvu.Imadziwika ndi kufufuza mofulumira komanso kutsika kwapansi (Chithunzi 2) 37,38,39.
Lingaliro lalikulu la DTC ndikuwongolera mwachindunji kusinthasintha ndi makokedwe a makina, koma kugwiritsa ntchito ma hysteresis regulators a torque yamagetsi ndi stator flux regulation kumabweretsa torque yayikulu komanso kuthamanga kwamadzi. DTC njira (mkuyu. 7), ndi FLC akhoza kukhala okwanira inverter vekitala limati.
Mu sitepe iyi, zolowetsazo zimasinthidwa kukhala zosamveka bwino pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito za umembala (MF) ndi mawu azilankhulo.
Ntchito zitatu za umembala pazolowetsa koyamba (εφ) ndi zoipa (N), zabwino (P), ndi ziro (Z), monga momwe chithunzi 3 chikusonyezera.
Ntchito zisanu za umembala pazolowetsa kachiwiri (\(\varepsilon\)Tem) ndi Negative Large (NL) Negative Small (NS) Zero (Z) Positive Small (PS) ndi Positive Large (PL), monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 4.
Stator flux trajectory imakhala ndi magawo 12, momwe seti yosamveka imayimiridwa ndi ntchito ya umembala wa isosceles triangular, monga momwe chithunzi 5 chikusonyezera.
Gulu 1 magulu 180 malamulo osamveka omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolowetsa umembala kuti asankhe zosintha zoyenera.
Njira yolozera imachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Mamdani.Kulemera kwake (\(\alpha_{i}\)) kwa lamulo la i-th kumaperekedwa ndi:
where\(\mu Ai \left( {e\varphi } \right)\),\(\mu Bi\left( {eT} \right) ,\) \(\mu Ci\left( \theta \right) \) : Mtengo wa umembala wa maginito flux, torque ndi vuto la stator flux angle.
Chithunzi 6 chikuwonetsa zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimapezedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosamveka bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njira yayikulu yoperekedwa ndi Eq.(20).
Powonjezera mphamvu yamagetsi, kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe kake kakhoza kuwonjezereka, komwe kumawonjezera kupopera kwa madzi tsiku ndi tsiku (Chithunzi 7) .Cholinga cha njira zotsatirazi ndikugwirizanitsa njira yochepetsera kutayika ndi njira yowongolera torque.
Ndizodziwika bwino kuti kufunikira kwa maginito amagetsi ndikofunikira kuti injiniyo igwire bwino ntchito.Kukwera kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti chitsulo chiwonjezeke komanso kuchulukitsitsa kwa maginito a dera.
Chifukwa chake, kuchepetsedwa kwa zotayika mu IM kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kusankha kwa msinkhu wa flux.
Njira yomwe ikuperekedwayi imachokera ku chitsanzo cha zotayika za Joule zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika panopa kupyolera muzitsulo za stator mu makina. Zimaphatikizapo kusintha mtengo wa rotor flux kuti ukhale wopindulitsa kwambiri, motero kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa galimoto kuti kuwonjezere mphamvu. zitha kufotokozedwa motere (kunyalanyaza zotayika zazikulu):
The electromagnetic torque\(C_{em}\) ndi rotor flux\(\phi_{r}\) amawerengedwa mu dq coordinate system monga:
Magetsi amagetsi\(C_{em}\) ndi rotor flux\(\phi_{r}\) amawerengedwa motengera (d,q) monga:
pothetsa equation.(30), titha kupeza stator yomwe ili yoyenera kwambiri yomwe imatsimikizira kusinthasintha koyenda bwino komanso kutayika kochepa:
Zoyezera zosiyanasiyana zinachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a MATLAB/Simulink kuti aone kulimba ndi kachitidwe ka njira yomwe akufunira. Dongosolo lofufuzidwa lili ndi mapanelo asanu ndi atatu a 230 W CSUN 235-60P (Table 2) olumikizidwa mu mndandanda.Pampu yapakati imayendetsedwa ndi IM, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amasonyezedwa mu Table 3.Zigawo za PV pumping system zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 4.
M'chigawo chino, makina opangira madzi a photovoltaic pogwiritsa ntchito FDTC ndi kusinthasintha kosalekeza akufaniziridwa ndi dongosolo lokonzekera lochokera ku optimal flux (FDTCO) pansi pa machitidwe omwewo.
Gawoli limapereka ndondomeko yoyambira yoyambira pompa potengera kuchuluka kwa 1000 W / m2. Chithunzi 8e chikuwonetsa kuyankha kwa liwiro lamagetsi. Poyerekeza ndi FDTC, njira yomwe ikuperekedwayi imapereka nthawi yabwino yokwera, kufika pamtunda wokhazikika pa 1.04 s, ndi FDTC, kufika pamtunda wokhazikika pa 1.93 s. Chithunzi 8f chikuwonetsa kupopera kwa njira ziwiri zowongolera.Zitha kuwoneka kuti FDTCO imawonjezera kuchuluka kwa kupopera, yomwe ikufotokoza kusintha kwa mphamvu yotembenuzidwa ndi IM.Figures 8g. ndipo 8h imayimira stator panopa.Kuyambira pakali pano pogwiritsa ntchito FDTC ndi 20 A, pamene njira yoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake PVPWS imagwira ntchito mosalekeza 1.2 Wb, pomwe munjira yomwe ikufunsidwa, 1 A, yomwe imakhudzidwa pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a photovoltaic system.
(a)Dzuwaradiation (b) Kutulutsa mphamvu (c) Duty cycle (d) DC bus voltage (e) Rotor liwiro (f) Kupopa madzi (g) Stator phase current ya FDTC (h) Stator phase current ya FDTCO (i) Flux response pogwiritsa ntchito FLC (j) Kuyankha kwa Flux pogwiritsa ntchito FDTCO (k) Stator flux trajectory pogwiritsa ntchito FDTC (l) Stator flux trajectory pogwiritsa ntchito FDTCO.
Thedzuwacheza zosiyanasiyana 1000 kuti 700 W / m2 pa 3 masekondi kenako 500 W / m2 pa masekondi 6 (mkuyu. 8a) .Figure 8b limasonyeza lolingana photovoltaic mphamvu 1000 W / m2, 700 W / m2 ndi 500 W / m2 .Zithunzi 8c ndi 8d zikuwonetseratu kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndi magetsi ogwirizanitsa DC, motsatira. Chithunzi 8e chikuwonetsa liwiro la magetsi la IM, ndipo tikhoza kuzindikira kuti njira yomwe ikuperekedwa ili ndi liwiro labwino komanso nthawi yoyankhira poyerekeza ndi FDTC-based photovoltaic system.Figure 8f limasonyeza kupopa madzi kwa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya nyali yopezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito FDTC ndi FDTCO.Kupopa kochulukirapo kumatha kutheka ndi FDTCO kuposa ndi FDTC.Zithunzi 8g ndi 8h zikuwonetsa mayankho ofananira apano pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya FDTC ndi njira yowongolera. , amplitude yamakono imachepetsedwa, zomwe zikutanthawuza kuchepa kwa mkuwa wochepa, motero kuonjezera mphamvu ya machitidwe.Choncho, mafunde oyambira kwambiri amatha kuchititsa kuti makina awonongeke.kusinthasintha koyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti zotayika zimachepetsedwa, motero, njira yomwe ikufunsidwa ikuwonetsa ntchito yake.Mosiyana ndi Chithunzi 8i, kusinthasintha kumakhala kosalekeza, komwe sikuyimira ntchito yabwino.Zithunzi 8k ndi 8l zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa stator flux trajectory.Figure 8l ikuwonetsa kukula bwino kwa kusinthasintha ndikufotokozera lingaliro lalikulu la njira yowongolera yomwe ikufunsidwa.
Kusintha kwadzidzidzidzuwama radiation anagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuyambira ndi kuwala kwa 1000 W / m2 ndipo mwadzidzidzi kuchepa kwa 500 W / m2 pambuyo pa 1.5 s (mkuyu 9a) . W / m2. Zithunzi za 9c ndi 9d zikuwonetseratu kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndi magetsi a DC ogwirizanitsa, motero.Monga momwe tingawonere kuchokera pa Chithunzi 9e, njira yoperekedwayo imapereka nthawi yabwino yoyankhira. ndi FDTCO inali yapamwamba kuposa FDTC, kupopera 0.01 m3 / s pa 1000 W / m2 irradiance poyerekeza ndi 0.009 m3 / s ndi FDTC;Kuonjezera apo, pamene kuwala kunali 500 W Pa / m2, FDTCO inapopera 0.0079 m3 / s, pamene FDTC inapopera 0.0077 m3 / s. Zithunzi 9g ndi 9h. Ikufotokoza yankho lamakono lofananizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya FDTC ndi njira yolamulira.Titha kuzindikira kuti njira yowongolera yomwe ikufunsidwa ikuwonetsa kuti matalikidwe apano akuchepetsedwa pansi pakusintha kwadzidzidzi kwamphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa mkuwa. ikuwonetseratu ntchito yake ndi 1Wb ndi kuwala kwa 1000 W / m2, pamene The flux ndi 0.83Wb ndi kuwala ndi 500 W / m2. Mosiyana ndi Chithunzi 9i, kusinthasintha kumakhala kosalekeza ku 1.2 Wb, komwe sikuli Zithunzi 9k ndi 9l zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa stator flux trajectory.Figure 9l ikuwonetseratu kukula bwino kwa kusinthasintha ndikulongosola lingaliro lalikulu la njira yoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.
(a)Dzuwama radiation (b) Mphamvu yotulutsidwa (c) Duty cycle (d) DC bus voltage (e) Liwiro la rotor (f) Mayendedwe a madzi (g) Stator phase current ya FDTC (h) Stator phase current ya FDTCO (i) ) Flux response using FLC (j) Flux reaction pogwiritsa ntchito FDTCO (k) Stator flux trajectory pogwiritsa ntchito FDTC (l) Stator flux trajectory pogwiritsa ntchito FDTCO.
Kuwunika kofananira kwa matekinoloje awiriwa potengera kuchuluka kwa kusinthasintha, matalikidwe apano ndi kupopera kukuwonetsedwa mu Table 5, yomwe ikuwonetsa kuti PVWPS yochokera paukadaulo womwe waperekedwa umapereka magwiridwe antchito apamwamba ndi kuchuluka kwa kupopera komanso kuchepetsedwa kwa matalikidwe apano ndi zotayika, zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika. kusankha mulingo woyenera flux.
Kuti mutsimikizire ndikuyesa njira yoyendetsera yomwe mukufuna, kuyesa kwa PIL kumachitika potengera bolodi la STM32F4. Zimaphatikizanso kupanga khodi yomwe idzalowetsedwa ndikuyenda pa bolodi lophatikizidwa.Bolodi ili ndi 32-bit microcontroller yokhala ndi 1 MB Flash, 168 MHz. mafupipafupi a wotchi, unit yoyandama, malangizo a DSP, 192 KB SRAM. Pakuyesa uku, chipika chopangidwa ndi PIL chidapangidwa mudongosolo lowongolera lomwe lili ndi code yopangidwa motengera STM32F4 yotulukira hardware board ndikuyambitsa pulogalamu ya Simulink. Mayeso a PIL oti akonzedwe pogwiritsa ntchito bolodi la STM32F4 akuwonetsedwa pazithunzi 10.
Kuyesa kwa PIL co-simulation pogwiritsa ntchito STM32F4 kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yotsika mtengo kutsimikizira njira yomwe akufunira. Papepalali, gawo lokonzedwa bwino lomwe limapereka chidziwitso chabwino kwambiri limayendetsedwa mu STMicroelectronics Discovery Board (STM32F4).
Zotsirizirazi zimachitidwa nthawi imodzi ndi Simulink ndikusinthanitsa zidziwitso panthawi yofananira pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya PVWPS yomwe ikufunidwa. Chithunzi 12 chikuwonetseratu kukhazikitsidwa kwa kachitidwe kameneka kameneka kameneka mu STM32F4.
Njira yokhayo yomwe ingagwiritsire ntchito njira yoyendetsera bwino yomwe ikuwonetsedwera mu kayeseleledwe kake kameneka, chifukwa ndiye njira yayikulu yoyendetsera ntchitoyi yomwe ikuwonetsa kuwongolera kwa makina opopa madzi a photovoltaic.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-15-2022
